When speaking, we actually try to perform our intention about something in our mind, similar to what is named as deep structure. Deep structure itself, according to George Yule, is an abstract level of structural organization in which all the elements determining structural interpretation are represented. Further more, to make this meaning clearer, he the put down two sentences, shown bellow:
First:
Second:
From the two sentences above, he explains that the first sentence and the second one, at one level, are really different in the case of their surface structure, the syntactic form they take as actual English sentences. It can be perceived by human’s sense, that is, eyesight. They are different each other syntactically. However, they in fact are same at another level, that is, their deep structure, as the writer explained above. It indeed can be said that deep structure cannot be sensed with human five senses is extremely the fact. It means that it is an abstract element in the speaker’s mind, as his intention trough the sentences. Hence, we can say that the deep structure has close meaning to the speaker’s intention.
However, we cannot say that all the sentences which are spoken or written by some one ,with their deepstructure, always on the samew line with their real intention because some times the peaker or the writerhide the true intentin o the sentences within another surface structure. When our friend asked if we have pryed, for example, it seems to be tht, in fact, he doesn’t care whether we have prayed or not, but his real purpose, by what he said, is to invite us to go with him to the mosque. Then, easily we can say that some one, to whom we don’t know, actually needs to get to the nearest hospital as saying, “is there any hospital arund here?” (yeah, it really seems t be that the questin desn’t need ‘yes’ oe ‘no’ for its answer).
But then, when we say something and we don’t have any other purpose related to what we say, we , in this case, are doing what is named as direct speech act. It, in clear, shows that what we said has its own meaning. We don’t have to interpret any other thing as hearing a sentence like “will you come to my home to study with me and Andy tomorrow?” because its purpose seems to have been clear. It just needs an answer “yes, I will” or “no, I won’t”. Further more; however, we some times will face some difficulties to interpret whether a sentence, that we hear, is purposed as a sentence with clear meaning or with hide meaning. We might have ever heard our father ask us, “have you finished your homework?” after we tell him about our assignment two hours before. In fact, our father just wanted to know whether we have finished our assignment or not. Nevertheless, unfortunately, we are trapped to interpret the question as a way for our father to ask any help. The situation like this really becomes very complicating situation for us.
Finally, all things the writer has told above may lead you to arrive at an interpretation or just an understanding that all things above really explain what things in the speaker’s mind as his intention. Then, you may question, “ what is the name of speaker’s intention meaning, meaning which intended and lied under the speaker saying?” The corrct answer , for the question, is indeed pragmatics because that all are really a half area of the study of pragmatics. If you want to extant the area of study about pragmatics, you will come to greet some terms, like invisible or hidden meaning, cohesion, coherence, deixis (person, place, and time deixis), reference and inference, presupositin, and politeness. You want to know about that all, aren’t you? Try t look for by yourself!
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